This study aimed to see how induced obesity, orlistat, and aqueous rosemary extract, affected albino rats brains and livers. The rats were divided into 7 different groups. Each group contains 6 rats. The first group was the control. The second group was fed on a high-fat diet, and the third and fourth groups were on a high-fat diet with orlistat 100 and 200 mg/kg of B.W. The fifth group on a high-fat diet with an aqueous extract of rosemary was given 10 ml/kg of B.W. The sixth and seventh groups were given an aqueous extract of 10 ml/kg of rosemary with orlistat 100 and 200 mg/kg, respectively. The histopathological results of the brain and liver revealed pathological changes in the fattened rats, third and fourth groups represented by vacuolation of surrounding neurons and glial cells. Congestion of blood vessels and vasogenic edema in the brain while in the liver were fatty degeneration in the hepatocytes, necrosis and lymphocytic aggregation, congestion and dilatation of blood vessels, hyperplasia of epithelial cells lining bile ducts, focal infiltration of inflammatory cells and dilatation of sinusoids compared with the control group and fifth group. Whereas the histopathological changes of the sixth and seventh groups were less severe than the lesion that occurred in the second, third and fourth groups. We conclude that the aqueous extract of rosemary was efficient in alleviating tissue pathological lesions.

Coccidiosis is the most serious protozoan disease of poultry industry worldwide. Infected birds shed the infective oocysts in high numbers in the droppings which enables the persistence of the disease in the flock. Traditionally, the infestation is controlled by chemical anticoccidial preparations. However, the extensive use of chemical preparations represented a serious problem to public health and lead to the emergence of resistant coccidian strains. To overcome this problem, commercial herbal products are available since the last few decades. The present work aims to evaluate and compare the efficiency of the anti-coccidial herbal product (Herb-All COCC-X) and the chemical preparation (Maxiban 160) in the control of coccidiosis in broilers and to determine their effect on shed oocysts. For this purpose, 320 one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly and equally divided in four groups. All groups (with the exception of the negative control group) were subjected to an infestation with Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria tenella. One group was treated with Herb-All COCC-X, the second with Maxiban 160, and the third remained untreated as a positive control group. The birds were slaughtered after 41 days for PM examination. The oocysts count in droppings was significantly lower in both treated groups in comparison to the positive control one. The efficiency of Herb-All COCC-X was significantly higher than that of Maxiban 160 in the reduction of the number and sporulation potential of shed oocyst. Other parameters including the FCR, body weight gain, and mortality rate did not vary significantly in both treated groups.

The study aimed to evaluate the effects of Effective microorganisms (EM) on C.carpio by studying their effect on some growth and health Parameters. The study dealt with the calculation of weekly and total weight gain, food conversion and Somatic index. The Miocromorphometric parameters, including Goblet cells, length of both villus of intestine and gills (primary and secondary) lamellae were also studied. Also estimation titer count of Lactic acid bacilli in the intestine. The results showed that there were significant differences at P=0.05 between the control group and the EM treated group, and this difference was clear on the weekly and total weight gain, the effect was reflected on the organs weights represented by the liver, gills, anterior kidneys, posterior kidneys, intestines and spleen, miocromorphometric study showed that there is a significant increase of villus lengths and primary and secondary lamellae for EM treated group, and this effect was withdrawn on the number of goblet cells present in the intestinal epithelium, a very significant increase in the mean number of lactic acid bacilli was recorded in the EM treated groups. The use of effective organisms is a useful strategy that has a clear impact on growth and health parameters in fish.

Eimeriosis is an important enteric disease caused by a protozoon named Eimeria that affects a wide range of animal species. Specifically in small ruminants, this parasite has global economic importance in young animals, particularly those reared in high densities. This study aimed to investigate Eimeria infection in goats. One hundred (100) goats of the local breed have been surveyed. Fecal and blood samples were collected from each animal. Fecal samples were examined microscopically after applying the standard fecal flotation technique. Herein, we detected about 63% Eimeria spp. infection among goats in Sohag governorate at Southern Egypt. In addition, the clinical manifestation of Eimeriosis in infected goats was recorded. Liver enzymes, blood proteins including total protein and albumin, and calcium levels were measured by spectrophotometer in sera of infected goats. Results indicated an elevation of ALT and AST enzymes in sera of infected male kids and pregnant goats. This study highlights the importance of the altered biochemical profile as an indicator of the possible liver dysfunction resulting from Eimeria infection in goats. The overall findings reflect significant environmental contamination that continues to pose hazards on animal health and represent a major challenge for small ruminant production under the current raising conditions in Sohag villages.

Exposure to sunlight causes melanin accretion, oxidative stress, and generations of free oxygen radicals. Therefore, using sun creams rich in natural antioxidants is common to protect the skin from direct sunlight contact. Nigella sativa (NS) and Senna alexandrina (SA) are medicinal plants with numerous health benefits and therapeutic effects due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This experiment was conducted to examine the antioxidant and whitening (antityrosinase) effects of NS and SA from Sudan in vitro. Hydro-methanol extracts (methanol: distilled water, 4:1 v/v) of NS and SA were made and partitioned into five fractions (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water) to investigate the antioxidant effects, diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and to explore the whitening effects, tyrosinase inhibition activity. The most potent antioxidant potential was shown by ethyl-acetate fractions of both plant extracts, which reduced the scavenging activity by 79.3 and 53.0%, respectively. In addition, the best whitening effect was revealed by chloroform and n-hexane fractions of SA and NS extracts, with 86.0 and 93.0% inhibitory activity of tyrosinase, respectively. The outcome is comparable to the existing theory that antioxidants of natural origin can reduce free radicals and potentiate the whitening effects. Nonetheless, more studies are recommended to confirm its efficacy using animal models and elucidate any side effects.

High-quality cryopreserved bovine semen is vital for successful artificial insemination (AI) program, which is the most inexpensive and the quickest mode of genetic improvement. Cryopreservation of sperm is an effective method in infertility management; however, it can also affect spermatozoa in post-thawed semen. Many researchers showed that supplementation of extenders with antioxidants provides a cryoprotective effect on sperm quality by minimizing the harmful impact of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhancing post-thaw spermatozoa. This review sheds light on the protective effects of various antioxidants considered to reduce the oxidative stress following freeze-thawing of bull semen in AI programs.

This report describes the treatment of Mucopurulent Endometritis in a Rhesus monkey. The involved she-monkey was three years old and weighing five kg body weight lived as a home animal, brought by the owner to the clinic of the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul. Clinical and Ultrasonography examinations diagnosed the presence of Mucopurulent discharge as refers to Mucopurulent Endometritis. Treatment was done by using estrogen and oxytocin hormones to local and systemic treatment with antibiotics. Ten days later, the owner reported that the monkey was doing well and accepted mating again and when reexamined, she showed complete healing of the uterus.

Experiments on pulmonary pharmacology are often performed in laboratory animals. Investigators collect organs, samples, or record modifications in the respiratory system during anaesthesia, which might significantly influence the data attained. Indeed, it is recommended to cautiously select the anaesthetic adapted for lung studies. This experiment aimed to evaluate three selected anaesthetics usually used in laboratory animal experiments, namely, (Zolite-rumpon (Z+R) mixture, halothane (HAL), and urethane (URE)) in rats. Rats were divided into four groups, control group, kept without treatment; Zolitel and Rumpon (Z+R) at a dose of 5 and 30 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally, respectively; HAL group (5% with oxygen supply), and URE (1.5 mg/kg body weight) by inhalation. Blood samples were collected to determine the pH of the blood, bicarbonate (HCO3-), carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2), oxygen partial pressure (pO2), alveolar oxygen (A), saturated oxygen (O2 Sat), magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and chloride (Cl-) ions, haematocrit (Hct), and haemoglobin (Hb). The result indicates that the Z+R mixture causes slight to no differences in the measured data. At the same time, HAL and URE greatly reduced the blood pH and significantly disrupted the values of HCO3-, pCO2, pO2, A, and O2 Sat. Together, HAL and URE induced metabolic acidosis and respiratory depression. Hence, the Z+R mix is suitable for the three anaesthetics pulmonary pharmacology experiments.

Clostridium novyi type B is an anaerobic bacterium that causes black disease (infectious necrotic hepatitis). The alpha toxin is considered as a major virulence factor. The disease has been controlled using toxoid vaccines. Production of a high yield of bacterial toxin is very important in the preparation of effective toxoids. The present study aimed to follow the most satisfactory growth requirements to produce a high yield of alpha toxin. This study tested the effect of different concentrations of meat pieces (0. 0.5, 1.5, 2 and 2.5%), adding yeast extract in concentration of (0.5%), variable incubation times (24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours) and different pH values (7, 7.5 and 8). The results showed that the best media used for producing alpha toxin of Clostridium novyi type B was the one that contains yeast extract in the concentration of 0.5% with absence of meat pieces and adjusting pH between 7.5- 8 and incubation for 24- 48 hrs. that leads to high bacterial growth and toxin yield production optimum physical condition as incubated period 24- 48 hrs. and favorable pH for growth production and toxin yield of Clostridium novyi type B which lead consequently to produce a high potent Clostridium novyi vaccine.

This research aimed to know if raw milk is a possible source of Helicobacter. pylori infection to human and assessing the inhibitory effect of fermented milk products on H. pylori growth. Sixty samples of cows milk and raw marketable milk (30 samples each) were tested to detect H. pylori and were collected from farms and supermarkets in Assiut City, Egypt. The pathogen could be isolated from 13.33 and 6.66 % of cows milk and marketable milk, respectively, by using the conventional culture method. Confirmation of the isolated strains using the PCR technique revealed that, 50% of the isolated strains were positive for the 16S rRNA gene. The strong antibiogram of Lactobacillus acidophilus was evident, where the count of the tested two strains of H. pylori (S1 and S2) was sharply decreased to 2.6 and 2.17 log cfu/ g yoghurt and 2.47 and 3.04 log cfu/ ml rayeb at the time of fermentation and could not be isolated at the first day. In case of Bifidobacterium bifidum, the count of S1 and S2 on the first day was 2.3 and 2.77 log cfu/ g yoghurt and 2.95 and 2.7 log cfu/ ml rayeb. Regarding the viability, H. pylori strains have remained viable for two days in yoghurt that was not supplemented with probiotics and could survive for seven days in control milk samples. There was no significant difference between the growth patterns of S1 and S2 in all treatments. Finally, fermented milk products containing probiotics were more effective in the survival of H. pylori than fermented milk products with no probiotics with a significant difference (P-value < 0.05).

Canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) is a contagious neoplasm that is physically transmitted through direct contact with injured skin or mucous. The aim of this study is to investigate the preferable rapid diagnosis and evaluative curing of CTVT with vincristine. Ten cases of transmissible venereal tumours eight bitches and two dogs which had been received for examination at the animal reproduction research institute, agriculture research centre during the time of January 2019 - December 2019. Nine animals showed genital vaginal and penile ulcerative neoplastic masses with bleeding, and one dog suffered from subcutaneous extragenital ulcerative metastatic lesions on the tail, backbone, and inguinal region. Under tranquilizer from the appeared tumor masses, we have taken aspirate and tissue biopsy for cytomorphology, histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluations. For treatment, animals were grouped into two groups according to the size of tumors G1 (size = 100 cm3) and G2 (size > 100 cm3), each group was formed of four females and one male. Fasted animals for 12 hrs. were administrated weakly monotherapy of vincristine intravenously (i/v) with a dose of 0.025 mg/kg body weekly for 4 weeks (G1) and 6 weeks (G2) until total regression. Lymphocytic type recorded in nine genital vaginal and penile tumors, whereas the sole case of extragenital cutaneous revealed plasmacytic type. After 35 days of vincristine remedy, (G1) revealed (100%) total tumor regression while (G2) regressed after three to six weeks without relapse for 6 months. This study verified that; vincristine assessed in complete CTVT tumor regression without relapse within 6 months through its direct stopping outcomes on neoplastic cell proliferation.

Eimeria infection is one of the most common protozoal disease affecting sheep worldwide. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Eimeria species (spp.) infection in native sheep breed at Sohag governorate. Total number of investigated sheep was 101. All sheep were examined clinically; blood and fecal samples were collected from each animal. Coprological examination was performed using the standard flotation technique. Eimeria oocysts were counted microscopically using the high power. Oocysts numbers were used to classify the degree of infection into mild and severe. Complete blood picture was performed using automatic blood cell counter. Levels of total protein, albumin, and globulin were determined in sera of infected sheep. In addition to the activities of liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP) and serum calcium level were measured using the spectrophotometer. Results of hematology and blood biochemistry were analyzed statistically to compare between mild and heavy infections. The total number of sheep infected with Eimeria spp. was 67/101 (66.4%). Infected sheep manifested variable clinical signs such as bloody and/or mucoid diarrhea, dehydration, lethargy, emaciation, fever and loss of wool. In this study, total erythrocytic count and hemoglobin concentration were significantly decreased in heavy Eimeria spp. infection. Total leucocytes count and granulocytes percentage were significantly elevated in mildly infected sheep. While, lymphocyte percentage was increased in case of heavy infection. Total proteins were significantly decreased in case of heavy infection. Albumin/ globulin ratio was considerably altered. The liver enzymes, ALT and ALP were elevated in heavily infected sheep. AST was significantly higher when compared with mild cases. This study highlighted the risk of heavy Eimeriosis that can result in severe anemia and altered liver functions. Therefore, Eimeriosis is a clinical disease of economic importance in productive animals such as sheep.

The current experiment was intended to investigate the hepatoprotective, immunostimulant activity, behavioural and anxiety responses of mice supplemented with Eruca sativa aqueous extract (ESAE) at a dose of 1% in drinking water in healthy and thioacetamide (TAA) intoxicated male mice. Eighty male albino mice were divided into four treatments of 20 mice each, with two replicates. The T1 considered as control group, T2 was the TAA intoxicated group, T3 was supplemented with ESAE only in drinking water for 3 weeks, and T4 supplemented with both ESAE for 3 weeks and TAA in the last 3 days in drinking water. The effect of ESAE was assessed by estimation of erythrogram, leukogram, platelet count, N/L ratio, total protein, albumin, globulin, and A/G ratio, and by evaluating the activity of liver enzymes such as aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) as well as the behavioural responses and anxiety of mice were also recorded. ESAE administration markedly prevents the elevation of plasma liver enzymes after oral administration of TAA. The mice supplemented with ESAE (T3) had higher mean values of total protein, globulin, with lower neutrophils count and A/G ratio compared to the control group (T1) and TAA intoxicated mice (T2), indicating that ESAE has immunostimulant and hepatoprotective activity. The mice supplemented with ESAE (T3) groomed, scratched, and sniffed significantly more than mice of T2, with significantly less resting and sleeping. Regarding the elevated plus maze results; when comparing mice of T1 and T2 with other treatments, the mice of T3 and T4 showed a huge (P<0.05) decline in the quantity of closed arms entries, with a relating increase in the quantity of open arms entries. It is concluded that a daily oral dose of 1% ESAE improves mouse activity, reduces anxiety, and has immunostimulant and hepatoprotective activity.